globals [ grid-x-inc ;; the amount of patches in between two roads in the x direction grid-y-inc ;; the amount of patches in between two roads in the y direction acceleration ;; the constant that controls how much a car speeds up or slows down by if ;; it is to accelerate or decelerate phase ;; keeps track of the phase num-cars-stopped ;; the number of cars that are stopped during a single pass thru the go procedure current-light ;; the currently selected light ;; patch agentsets intersections ;; agentset containing the patches that are intersections roads ;; agentset containing the patches that are roads ] turtles-own [ speed ;; the speed of the turtle up-car? ;; true if the turtle moves downwards and false if it moves to the right wait-time ;; the amount of time since the last time a turtle has moved ] patches-own [ intersection? ;; true if the patch is at the intersection of two roads green-light-up? ;; true if the green light is above the intersection. otherwise, false. ;; false for a non-intersection patches. my-row ;; the row of the intersection counting from the upper left corner of the ;; world. -1 for non-intersection patches. my-column ;; the column of the intersection counting from the upper left corner of the ;; world. -1 for non-intersection patches. my-phase ;; the phase for the intersection. -1 for non-intersection patches. auto? ;; whether or not this intersection will switch automatically. ;; false for non-intersection patches. ] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Setup Procedures ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Initialize the display by giving the global and patch variables initial values. ;; Create num-cars of turtles if there are enough road patches for one turtle to ;; be created per road patch. Set up the plots. to setup ca setup-globals ;; First we ask the patches to draw themselves and set up a few variables setup-patches make-current one-of intersections label-current set-default-shape turtles "car" if (Auto-szam > count roads) [ user-message (word "A felállítást megszakítottuk, mert " "túl sok az autó az adott úthálózatra! " " " "Növeld az úthólózat méretét a " "a függőleges vagy vízszintes utcaszám " "növelésével, vagy " "csökkentsd az autók számát az Autó-szám gördülősáv mozgatásával") stop ] ;; Now create the turtles and have each created turtle call the functions setup-cars and set-car-color crt Auto-szam [ setup-cars set-car-color record-data ] ;; give the turtles an initial speed ask turtles [ set-car-speed ] setup-plots end ;; Initialize the global variables to appropriate values to setup-globals set current-light nobody ;; just for now, since there are no lights yet set phase 0 set num-cars-stopped 0 set grid-x-inc world-width / Utca-szam-vizszintesen set grid-y-inc world-height / Utca-szam-fuggolegesen ;; don't make acceleration 0.1 since we could get a rounding error and end up on a patch boundary set acceleration 0.099 end ;; Make the patches have appropriate colors, set up the roads and intersections agentsets, ;; and initialize the traffic lights to one setting to setup-patches ;; initialize the patch-owned variables and color the patches to a base-color ask patches [ set intersection? false set auto? false set green-light-up? true set my-row -1 set my-column -1 set my-phase -1 set pcolor brown + 3 ] ;; initialize the global variables that hold patch agentsets set roads patches with [(floor((pxcor + max-pxcor - floor(grid-x-inc - 1)) mod grid-x-inc) = 0) or (floor((pycor + max-pycor) mod grid-y-inc) = 0)] set intersections roads with [(floor((pxcor + max-pxcor - floor(grid-x-inc - 1)) mod grid-x-inc) = 0) and (floor((pycor + max-pycor) mod grid-y-inc) = 0)] ask roads [ set pcolor white ] setup-intersections end ;; Give the intersections appropriate values for the intersection?, my-row, and my-column ;; patch variables. Make all the traffic lights start off so that the lights are red ;; horizontally and green vertically. to setup-intersections ask intersections [ set intersection? true set green-light-up? true set my-phase 0 set auto? true set my-row floor((pycor + max-pycor) / grid-y-inc) set my-column floor((pxcor + max-pxcor) / grid-x-inc) set-signal-colors ] end ;; Initialize the turtle variables to appropriate values and place the turtle on an empty road patch. to setup-cars ;; turtle procedure set speed 0 set wait-time 0 put-on-empty-road ifelse intersection? [ ifelse random 2 = 0 [ set up-car? true ] [ set up-car? false ] ] [ ; if the turtle is on a vertical road (rather than a horizontal one) ifelse (floor((pxcor + max-pxcor - floor(grid-x-inc - 1)) mod grid-x-inc) = 0) [ set up-car? true ] [ set up-car? false ] ] ifelse up-car? [ set heading 180 ] [ set heading 90 ] end ;; Find a road patch without any turtles on it and place the turtle there. to put-on-empty-road ;; turtle procedure move-to one-of roads with [not any? turtles-on self] end ;; Initialize the plots to setup-plots set-current-plot "Álló autók száma" set-plot-y-range 0 Auto-szam plot num-cars-stopped set-current-plot "Autók várakozási ideje" plot mean [ wait-time ] of turtles set-current-plot "Autók átlagos sebessége" set-plot-y-range 0 Sebesseg-korlat plot mean [ speed ] of turtles end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Runtime Procedures ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Run the simulation to indit update-current ;; have the intersections change their color set-signals set num-cars-stopped 0 ;; set the turtles speed for this time thru the procedure, move them forward their speed, ;; record data for plotting, and set the color of the turtles to an appropriate color ;; based on their speed ask turtles [ set-car-speed fd speed record-data set-car-color ] ;; update the plots with the new information from this pass thru the procedure do-plotting ;; update the phase and the global clock next-phase tick end to choose-current if mouse-down? [ let x-mouse mouse-xcor let y-mouse mouse-ycor if [intersection?] of patch x-mouse y-mouse [ update-current unlabel-current make-current patch x-mouse y-mouse label-current stop ] ] end ;; Set up the current light and the interface to change it. to make-current [light] set current-light light set Lampa-allitas-idozites [my-phase] of current-light set Lampa-automata? [auto?] of current-light end ;; update the variables for the current light to update-current ask current-light [ set my-phase Lampa-allitas-idozites set auto? Lampa-automata? ] end ;; label the current light to label-current ask current-light [ ask patch-at -1 1 [ set plabel-color black set plabel "current" ] ] end ;; unlabel the current light (because we've chosen a new one) to unlabel-current ask current-light [ ask patch-at -1 1 [ set plabel "" ] ] end ;; have the traffic lights change color if phase equals each intersections' my-phase to set-signals ask intersections with [auto? and phase = floor ((my-phase * lampa-valtas-ciklus) / 100)] [ set green-light-up? (not green-light-up?) set-signal-colors ] end ;; This procedure checks the variable green-light-up? at each intersection and sets the ;; traffic lights to have the green light up or the green light to the left. to set-signal-colors ;; intersection (patch) procedure ifelse Lampa? [ ifelse green-light-up? [ ask patch-at -1 0 [ set pcolor red ] ask patch-at 0 1 [ set pcolor green ] ] [ ask patch-at -1 0 [ set pcolor green ] ask patch-at 0 1 [ set pcolor red ] ] ] [ ask patch-at -1 0 [ set pcolor white ] ask patch-at 0 1 [ set pcolor white ] ] end ;; set the turtles' speed based on whether they are at a red traffic light or the speed of the ;; turtle (if any) on the patch in front of them to set-car-speed ;; turtle procedure ifelse pcolor = red [ set speed 0 ] [ ifelse up-car? [ set-speed 0 -1 ] [ set-speed 1 0 ] ] end ;; set the speed variable of the turtle to an appropriate value (not exceeding the ;; speed limit) based on whether there are turtles on the patch in front of the turtle to set-speed [ delta-x delta-y ] ;; turtle procedure ;; get the turtles on the patch in front of the turtle let turtles-ahead turtles-at delta-x delta-y ;; if there are turtles in front of the turtle, slow down ;; otherwise, speed up ifelse any? turtles-ahead [ ifelse any? (turtles-ahead with [ up-car? != [up-car?] of myself ]) [ set speed 0 ] [ set speed [speed] of one-of turtles-ahead slow-down ] ] [ speed-up ] end ;; decrease the speed of the turtle to slow-down ;; turtle procedure ifelse speed <= 0 ;;if speed < 0 [ set speed 0 ] [ set speed speed - acceleration ] end ;; increase the speed of the turtle to speed-up ;; turtle procedure ifelse speed > Sebesseg-korlat [ set speed Sebesseg-korlat ] [ set speed speed + acceleration ] end ;; set the color of the turtle to a different color based on how fast the turtle is moving to set-car-color ;; turtle procedure ifelse speed < (Sebesseg-korlat / 2) [ set color blue ] [ set color cyan - 2 ] end ;; keep track of the number of stopped turtles and the amount of time a turtle has been stopped ;; if its speed is 0 to record-data ;; turtle procedure ifelse speed = 0 [ set num-cars-stopped num-cars-stopped + 1 set wait-time wait-time + 1 ] [ set wait-time 0 ] end to lampa-allitas ask current-light [ set green-light-up? (not green-light-up?) set-signal-colors ] end ;; cycles phase to the next appropriate value to next-phase ;; The phase cycles from 0 to ticks-per-cycle, then starts over. set phase phase + 1 if phase mod lampa-valtas-ciklus = 0 [ set phase 0 ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; Plotting Procedures ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; plot the data from this pass thru the go procedure to do-plotting plot-new-value "Álló autók száma" num-cars-stopped plot-new-value "Autók várakozási ideje" mean [ wait-time ] of turtles plot-new-value "Autók átlagos sebessége" mean [ speed ] of turtles end to plot-new-value [ name-of-plot value ] set-current-plot name-of-plot plot value end ; *** NetLogo 4.0 Model Copyright Notice *** ; ; This model was created as part of the projects: ; PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN ; CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. ; The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the ; National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- ; grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. ; ; Copyright 2003 by Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Uri Wilensky. ; Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: ; Wilensky, U. (2003). NetLogo Traffic Grid model. ; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/TrafficGrid. ; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, ; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ; ; In other publications, please use: ; Copyright 2003 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/TrafficGrid ; for terms of use. ; ; *** End of NetLogo 4.0 Model Copyright Notice *** @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 181 85 408 333 21 21 5.05 1 12 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -21 21 -21 21 1 1 1 ticks CC-WINDOW 5 615 417 710 Command Center 0 PLOT 10 320 174 440 Autók várakozási ideje Time idő 0.0 100.0 0.0 5.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -2674135 true PLOT 181 335 408 466 Autók átlagos sebessége Time Sebesség 0.0 100.0 0.0 1.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -2674135 true SLIDER 11 25 177 58 Utca-szam-fuggolegesen Utca-szam-fuggolegesen 1 9 6 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 11 63 176 96 Utca-szam-vizszintesen Utca-szam-vizszintesen 1 9 6 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SWITCH 11 137 175 170 Lampa? Lampa? 0 1 -1000 SLIDER 11 100 175 133 Auto-szam Auto-szam 1 600 253 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 182 470 408 601 Álló autók száma Time n 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -2674135 true BUTTON 286 25 349 77 Indít indit T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 211 24 275 77 Felállítás setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 11 209 175 242 Sebesseg-korlat Sebesseg-korlat 0 1 0.6 0.1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 11 173 175 206 Lampa-valtas-ciklus Lampa-valtas-ciklus 1 100 20 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 12 281 175 314 Lampa-allitas-idozites Lampa-allitas-idozites 0 99 0 1 1 % HORIZONTAL BUTTON 10 496 171 529 Lámpa állítás lampa-allitas NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SWITCH 11 245 175 278 Lampa-automata? Lampa-automata? 0 1 -1000 BUTTON 10 461 172 494 Válassz kereszteződést choose-current T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- You control traffic lights and overall variables, such as the speed limit and the number of cars, in a real-time traffic simulation. This allows you to explore traffic dynamics, which can lead into many areas of study, from calculus to social studies. Try to develop strategies to improve traffic and to understand the different ways to measure the quality of traffic. HOW IT WORKS ------------ Each time step, the cars attempt to move forward at their current speed. If their current speed is less than the speed limit and there is no car directly in front of them, they accelerate. If there is a slower car in front of them, they match the speed of the slower car and decelerate. If there is a red light or a stopped car in front of them, they stop. There are two different ways the lights can change. First, the user can change any light at any time by making the light current, and then clicking CHANGE LIGHT. Second, lights can change automatically, once per cycle. Initially, all lights will automatically change at the beginning of each cycle. HOW TO USE IT ------------- Change the traffic grid (using the sliders GRID-SIZE-X and GRID-SIZE-Y) to make the desired number of lights. Change any other of the settings that you would like to change. Press the SETUP button. At this time, you may configure the lights however you like, with any combination of auto/manual and any phase. Changes to the state of the current light are made using the CURRENT-AUTO?, CURRENT-PHASE and CHANGE LIGHT controls. You may select the current intersection using the SELECT INTERSECTION control. See below for details. Start the simulation by pressing the GO button. You may continue to make changes to the lights while the simulation is running. Buttons: SETUP - generates a new traffic grid based on the current GRID-SIZE-X and GRID-SIZE-Y and NUM-CARS number of cars. This also clears all the plots. All lights are set to auto, and all phases are set to 0. GO - runs the simulation indefinitely CHANGE LIGHT - changes the direction traffic may flow through the current light. A light can be changed manually even if it is operating in auto mode. SELECT INTERSECTION - allows you to select a new "current" light. When this button is depressed, click in the intersection which you would like to make current. When you've selected an intersection, the "current" label will move to the new intersection and this button will automatically pop up. Sliders: SPEED-LIMIT - sets the maximum speed for the cars NUM-CARS - the number of cars in the simulation (you must press the SETUP button to see the change) TICKS-PER-CYCLE - sets the number of ticks that will elapse for each cycle. This has no effect on manual lights. This allows you to increase or decrease the granularity with which lights can automatically change. GRID-SIZE-X - sets the number of vertical roads there are (you must press the SETUP button to see the change) GRID-SIZE-Y - sets the number of horizontal roads there are (you must press the SETUP button to see the change) CURRENT-PHASE - controls when the current light changes, if it is in auto mode. The slider value represents the percentage of the way through each cycle at which the light should change. So, if the TICKS-PER-CYCLE is 20 and CURRENT-PHASE is 75%, the current light will switch at tick 15 of each cycle. Switches: POWER? - toggles the presence of traffic lights CURRENT-AUTO? - toggles the current light between automatic mode, where it changes once per cycle (according to CURRENT-PHASE), and manual, in which you directly control it with CHANGE LIGHT. Plots: STOPPED CARS - displays the number of stopped cars over time AVERAGE SPEED OF CARS - displays the average speed of cars over time AVERAGE WAIT TIME OF CARS - displays the average time cars are stopped over time THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- When cars have stopped at a traffic light, and then they start moving again, the traffic jam will move backwards even though the cars are moving forwards. Why is this? When POWER? is turned off and there are quite a few cars on the roads, "gridlock" usually occurs after a while. In fact, gridlock can be so severe that traffic stops completely. Why is it that no car can move forward and break the gridlock? Could this happen in the real world? Gridlock can occur when the power is turned on, as well. What kinds of situations can lead to gridlock? THINGS TO TRY ------------- Try changing the speed limit for the cars. How does this affect the overall efficiency of the traffic flow? Are fewer cars stopping for a shorter amount of time? Is the average speed of the cars higher or lower than before? Try changing the number of cars on the roads. Does this affect the efficiency of the traffic flow? How about changing the speed of the simulation? Does this affect the efficiency of the traffic flow? Try running this simulation with all lights automatic. Is it harder to make the traffic move well using this scheme than controlling one light manually? Why? Try running this simulation with all lights automatic. Try to find a way of setting the phases of the traffic lights so that the average speed of the cars is the highest. Now try to minimize the number of stopped cars. Now try to decrease the average wait time of the cars. Is there any correlation between these different metrics? EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- Currently, the maximum speed limit (found in the SPEED-LIMIT slider) for the cars is 1.0. This is due to the fact that the cars must look ahead the speed that they are traveling to see if there are cars ahead of them. If there aren't, they speed up. If there are, they slow down. Looking ahead for a value greater than 1 is a little bit tricky. Try implementing the correct behavior for speeds greater than 1. When a car reaches the edge of the world, it reappears on the other side. What if it disappeared, and if new cars entered the city at random locations and intervals? NETLOGO FEATURES ---------------- This model uses two forever buttons which may run at the same time, to allow the user to select a new current intersection while the model is running. It also uses a chooser to allow the user to choose between several different possible plots, or to display all of them at once. RELATED MODELS -------------- Traffic Basic simulates the flow of a single lane of traffic in one direction Traffic 2 Lanes adds a second lane of traffic Traffic Intersection simulates a single intersection The HubNet activity Gridlock has very similar functionality but allows a group of users to control the cars in a participatory fashion. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: Wilensky, U. (2003). NetLogo Traffic Grid model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/TrafficGrid. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. In other publications, please use: Copyright 2003 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/TrafficGrid for terms of use. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30 butterfly true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 209 199 225 225 225 255 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